NEET UG 2025 Syllabus

The National Medical Commission (NMC), through its Undergraduate Medical Education Board (UGMEB), has released the official syllabus for NEET UG 2025. This comprehensive guide outlines the syllabus for Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. All aspirants are encouraged to use this detailed structure to plan their preparation and excel in the examination.

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NEET 2025 SyllabusDownload

Physics

UNIT 1: Physics and Measurement

  • Units of Measurement:
    • Systems of units (e.g., CGS, SI, and others).
    • Fundamental and derived units in the SI system.
  • Least Count and Significant Figures:
    • Precision and accuracy in measurements.
    • Rules for counting significant figures.
  • Errors in Measurement:
    • Types of errors (systematic, random).
    • Techniques for minimizing errors.
  • Dimensional Analysis:
    • Checking dimensional consistency.
    • Applications in deriving relationships and converting units.

UNIT 2: Kinematics

  • Frames of Reference: Understanding rest and motion relative to an observer.
  • Motion in a Straight Line:
    • Position-time graphs, velocity, and acceleration.
    • Uniform and non-uniform motion.
  • Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Motion:
    • Relations among displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.
  • Vectors:
    • Scalars vs. vectors, addition, subtraction, and resolution of vectors.
    • Vector products (dot and cross).
  • Relative Velocity: Calculating motion relative to moving objects.
  • Projectile Motion: Parabolic trajectories, time of flight, range, and maximum height.
  • Uniform Circular Motion: Angular displacement, velocity, and acceleration.

UNIT 3: Laws of Motion

  • Newton’s Laws:
    • First Law (Law of Inertia).
    • Second Law (Force = mass × acceleration).
    • Third Law (Action and Reaction).
  • Momentum and Impulse: Conservation of linear momentum and applications.
  • Friction:
    • Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction.
    • Rolling friction and methods to reduce it.
  • Circular Motion Dynamics:
    • Centripetal force in various scenarios (e.g., vehicles on curves).

UNIT 4: Work, Energy, and Power

  • Work:
    • Work done by constant and variable forces.
  • Energy:
    • Kinetic and potential energies.
    • Work-energy theorem.
  • Power: Rate of doing work.
  • Conservation of Energy:
    • Mechanical energy conservation in systems.
    • Motion in a vertical circle.
  • Collisions:
    • Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

UNIT 5: Rotational Motion

  • Center of Mass: For particle systems and rigid bodies.
  • Torque and Angular Momentum:
    • Moment of force, conservation of angular momentum, and applications.
  • Moment of Inertia:
    • Definition and calculation for geometrical objects.
    • Theorems of perpendicular and parallel axes.
  • Rotational Equations of Motion: Comparison of linear and rotational dynamics.

UNIT 6: Gravitation

  • Universal Law of Gravitation: Force between two masses.
  • Acceleration due to Gravity: Variations with altitude and depth.
  • Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion: Explaining orbital dynamics.
  • Satellite Motion:
    • Orbital velocity, escape velocity.
    • Energy of satellites and time periods.

UNIT 7: Properties of Solids and Liquids

  • Elastic Properties of Solids:
    • Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s Law.
    • Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, and modulus of rigidity.
  • Fluid Mechanics:
    • Pressure due to fluid columns, Pascal’s Law, and applications.
    • Viscosity, terminal velocity, streamline flow, and critical velocity.
  • Bernoulli’s Principle: Applications to fluid dynamics.
  • Surface Tension:
    • Concepts like capillary action and pressure differences across surfaces.
  • Heat Transfer:
    • Modes: Conduction, convection, and radiation.
    • Specific heat, latent heat, and thermal expansion.

UNIT 8: Thermodynamics

  • Thermal Equilibrium and Zeroth Law: Defining temperature.
  • First Law of Thermodynamics:
    • Internal energy, heat, and work.
    • Applications to isothermal and adiabatic processes.
  • Second Law of Thermodynamics:
    • Concept of entropy, reversible and irreversible processes.

UNIT 9: Kinetic Theory of Gases

  • Perfect Gas Equation: Relating pressure, volume, and temperature.
  • Kinetic Theory Assumptions: Nature of gas particles and their motion.
  • Temperature and Molecular Speeds: Root-mean-square speed, degrees of freedom.
  • Law of Equipartition of Energy: Applications to specific heat capacities.
  • Mean Free Path and Avogadro’s Number: Insights into molecular motion.

UNIT 10: Oscillations and Waves

  • Oscillations:
    • Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.): Displacement, velocity, acceleration equations.
    • Energy in S.H.M.: Kinetic and potential energy.
    • Time period of a simple pendulum.
  • Waves:
    • Wave motion: Longitudinal and transverse waves.
    • Progressive wave properties: Speed, frequency, and wavelength.
  • Wave Phenomena:
    • Superposition principle, standing waves, beats.
    • Reflection, interference, and diffraction.

UNIT 11: Electrostatics

  • Electric Charges:
    • Conservation of charge.
    • Coulomb’s law: Forces between two point charges, superposition principle, and continuous charge distribution.
  • Electric Field:
    • Electric field due to a point charge and electric dipole.
    • Electric field lines and their properties.
    • Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
  • Electric Flux and Gauss’s Law:
    • Applications of Gauss’s law:
      • Field due to infinitely long uniformly charged wire.
      • Field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet.
      • Field due to a uniformly charged spherical shell.
  • Electric Potential:
    • Calculation for a point charge, electric dipole, and a system of charges.
    • Equipotential surfaces and potential difference.
    • Electrical potential energy of a system of charges and dipoles.
  • Conductors, Insulators, and Dielectrics:
    • Electric polarization and capacitors.
    • Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor (with and without dielectric).
    • Energy stored in a capacitor.

UNIT 12: Current Electricity

  • Electric Current:
    • Drift velocity, mobility, and their relation to current.
    • Ohm’s law and resistance.
  • V-I Characteristics:
    • Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors.
  • Electrical Energy and Power: Calculation and applications.
  • Combination of Resistors: Series and parallel connections.
  • Internal Resistance and EMF of a Cell:
    • Combination of cells in series and parallel.
  • Kirchhoff’s Laws:
    • Application to electrical circuits.
  • Measurement Techniques:
    • Wheatstone Bridge and Metre Bridge.

UNIT 13: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

  • Biot-Savart Law:
    • Application to current-carrying circular loops.
  • Ampere’s Law:
    • Applications to long straight wires and solenoids.
  • Magnetic Force:
    • On moving charges and current-carrying conductors in magnetic fields.
  • Force Between Parallel Currents: Definition of the ampere.
  • Torque on a Current Loop:
    • Moving coil galvanometer and its applications (ammeter, voltmeter).
  • Magnetic Dipole:
    • Current loop as a magnetic dipole.
    • Bar magnet and magnetic field lines.
    • Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform field.
  • Magnetic Properties of Materials:
    • Paramagnetic, diamagnetic, and ferromagnetic substances.

UNIT 14: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

  • Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law:
    • Induced EMF and current.
    • Eddy currents, self, and mutual inductance.
  • Alternating Current (AC):
    • Peak and RMS values.
    • Reactance, impedance, and LCR circuits.
    • Resonance and power in AC circuits.
  • AC Generators and Transformers: Principles and applications.

UNIT 15: Electromagnetic Waves

  • Displacement Current and EM Waves: Characteristics and transverse nature.
  • Electromagnetic Spectrum:
    • Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.
    • Applications across various fields.

UNIT 16: Optics

Ray Optics

  • Reflection and Refraction:
    • Spherical mirrors, mirror formula.
    • Refraction through plane and spherical surfaces.
    • Thin lens formula and lens maker formula.
  • Applications:
    • Total internal reflection, magnification, and lens combinations.
    • Instruments like microscopes and telescopes.

Wave Optics

  • Huygens’ Principle: Explanation of reflection and refraction.
  • Interference: Young’s double-slit experiment and fringe width.
  • Diffraction: Diffraction due to a single slit.
  • Polarization:
    • Plane-polarized light, Brewster’s law, and uses of Polaroids.

UNIT 17: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

  • Dual Nature of Radiation:
    • Photoelectric effect and Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
  • Wave Nature of Particles:
    • de Broglie wavelength and matter waves.

UNIT 18: Atoms and Nuclei

  • Atomic Models:
    • Alpha-particle scattering and Rutherford’s model.
    • Bohr’s model, energy levels, and hydrogen spectrum.
  • Nucleus:
    • Composition, size, mass-energy relation, and binding energy per nucleon.
  • Nuclear Reactions:
    • Fission and fusion.

UNIT 19: Electronic Devices

  • Semiconductors:
    • Diodes: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias.
    • Applications: Rectifiers, LEDs, photodiodes, solar cells, Zener diodes (voltage regulation).
  • Logic Gates: Basic logic operations (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR).

UNIT 20: Experimental Skills

  1. Vernier Calipers: Measuring internal/external diameters and depths.
  2. Screw Gauge: Determining thickness/diameter of thin sheets or wires.
  3. Simple Pendulum: Plotting energy dissipation graphs.
  4. Metre Scale: Using moments to measure mass.
  5. Elasticity: Young’s modulus of metallic wires.
  6. Surface Tension: Effect of detergents via capillary rise.
  7. Viscosity: Measuring terminal velocity in liquids.
  8. Speed of Sound: Resonance tube method.
  9. Specific Heat Capacity: Method of mixtures for solids and liquids.
  10. Resistivity: Using a metre bridge.
  11. Resistance: Verification using Ohm’s law.
  12. Galvanometer Calibration: Resistance and figure of merit via half deflection.
  13. Optics:
    • Focal lengths of mirrors and lenses using the parallax method.
    • Angle of deviation for triangular prisms.
  14. Refractive Index: Glass slab measurements with a travelling microscope.
  15. Semiconductor Characteristics: I-V curves for diodes and Zener diodes.
  16. Component Identification: Recognizing diodes, LEDs, resistors, and capacitors.

Chemistry

UNIT 1: Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry

Matter and Its Nature

  • Fundamental concepts of matter, atoms, and their classifications.
  • Understanding the differences between atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds.

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

  • Overview of Dalton’s postulates that form the foundation of modern chemistry.

Laws of Chemical Combination

  • Law of Conservation of Mass: Mass cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions.
  • Law of Definite Proportions: A given compound always contains its component elements in fixed proportions.
  • Law of Multiple Proportions: Elements combine in ratios of small whole numbers when forming different compounds.

Atomic and Molecular Masses

  • Calculations involving the average atomic mass and molecular masses of substances.

Mole Concept and Molar Mass

  • Defining the mole as a standard unit in chemistry for counting entities.
  • Calculation of molar mass using atomic masses.

Percentage Composition

  • Determination of the percentage of each element in a compound.

Empirical and Molecular Formulae

  • Empirical Formula: Simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
  • Molecular Formula: Actual number of atoms of each element in a compound.

Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry

  • Representation of chemical reactions through balanced equations.
  • Use of stoichiometric coefficients to determine quantities of reactants and products.

UNIT 2: Atomic Structure

Electromagnetic Radiation and Photoelectric Effect

  • Understanding the wave-particle duality of light.
  • Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectric effect and its implications for quantum theory.

Spectrum of Hydrogen Atom

  • Observation and explanation of the line spectrum of hydrogen.

Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom

  • Postulates of the Bohr Model:
    • Quantized energy levels.
    • Derivation of energy and radius for electron orbits.
  • Limitations: Inability to explain multi-electron atoms.

Dual Nature of Matter

  • Wave-particle duality of electrons as described by de Broglie’s relationship.

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

  • Principle stating that it is impossible to simultaneously determine the exact position and momentum of a particle.

Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom

  • Atomic orbitals as mathematical functions describing electron probability.
  • Wave functions (Ψ and Ψ²): Variation with distance for 1s and 2s orbitals.

Quantum Numbers and Their Significance

  • Principal Quantum Number (n): Energy level.
  • Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l): Shape of the orbital.
  • Magnetic Quantum Number (m): Orientation of the orbital.
  • Spin Quantum Number (s): Direction of electron spin.

Shapes of Orbitals

  • Visualization of s, p, and d orbitals.

Rules for Electron Configuration

  • Aufbau Principle: Electrons fill orbitals starting from the lowest energy level.
  • Pauli Exclusion Principle: No two electrons can have identical sets of quantum numbers.
  • Hund’s Rule: Electrons occupy degenerate orbitals singly before pairing.

Electronic Configuration of Elements

  • Stability of half-filled and fully-filled orbitals due to exchange energy.

UNIT 3: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Kossel-Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding

  • Conceptualization of chemical bonding based on the transfer or sharing of electrons.

Ionic Bonding

  • Formation: Transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals.
  • Factors Affecting Ionic Bond Formation: Ionization energy, electron affinity, lattice energy.
  • Lattice Enthalpy: Quantification of energy required to form or break the ionic lattice.

Covalent Bonding

  • Electronegativity: Measure of an atom’s ability to attract shared electrons.
  • Fajan’s Rule: Predicting the covalent character in ionic bonds.
  • Dipole Moment: Measure of charge separation in a molecule.

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory

  • Predicting molecular shapes based on repulsion between electron pairs.

Quantum Mechanical Approach to Covalent Bonding

  • Valence Bond Theory:
    • Hybridization of orbitals (s, p, and d).
    • Resonance structures representing delocalized electrons.

Molecular Orbital Theory

  • Formation of molecular orbitals via Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO).
  • Types of Orbitals: Bonding and antibonding orbitals, sigma and pi bonds.
  • Electronic Configuration of Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules: Stability, bond order, and bond length.

Metallic Bonding

  • Explanation of metallic properties due to delocalized “sea of electrons.”

Hydrogen Bonding

  • Interactions between molecules involving hydrogen attached to highly electronegative atoms (N, O, F).
  • Applications: Explains properties like the high boiling point of water and the structure of DNA.

UNIT 4: Chemical Thermodynamics

Fundamentals of Thermodynamics

  • System and Surroundings: Understand the classification of the universe into system and surroundings for analyzing thermodynamic processes.
  • Extensive and Intensive Properties: Differentiate between properties dependent on system size (extensive) and those independent of it (intensive).
  • State Functions: Key thermodynamic properties such as energy, enthalpy, and entropy that depend only on the state, not the path.
  • Types of Processes: Explore various processes including isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, and isochoric.

The First Law of Thermodynamics

  • Concept of work, heat, internal energy, and enthalpy.
  • Heat capacity and molar heat capacity as measures of a substance’s ability to store thermal energy.
  • Hess’s Law of Constant Heat Summation: Total enthalpy change in a reaction depends only on initial and final states.
  • Enthalpies involved in processes such as:
    • Bond dissociation
    • Combustion
    • Formation and atomization
    • Sublimation and phase transitions
    • Hydration, ionization, and solution

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

  • Spontaneity of Processes: How entropy change (ΔS) of the universe and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) determine spontaneity.
  • Criteria for spontaneity:
    • ΔG < 0: Spontaneous
    • ΔG = 0: Equilibrium
    • ΔG° (Standard Gibbs energy change) and its relation to equilibrium constants.

UNIT 5: Solutions

Concentration of Solutions

  • Expressing concentration in terms of:
    • Molality, molarity, and mole fraction
    • Percentage composition (volume and mass-based)

Raoult’s Law

  • Vapor pressure in ideal and non-ideal solutions:
    • Compositional plots for both types.

Colligative Properties

  • Properties dependent on solute particle quantity, not type:
    • Relative lowering of vapor pressure
    • Depression of freezing point
    • Elevation of boiling point
    • Osmotic pressure

Molecular Mass Determination

  • Using colligative properties to calculate molecular masses.
  • Understanding van’t Hoff factor and abnormal molar masses.

UNIT 6: Equilibrium

Dynamic Equilibrium

  • The concept of equilibrium in reversible reactions where forward and backward rates are equal.

Physical Equilibria

  • Equilibria in processes like:
    • Solid-liquid
    • Liquid-gas
    • Solid-gas systems
  • Henry’s Law: Solubility of gases in liquids is proportional to partial pressure.

Chemical Equilibrium

  • Law of Chemical Equilibrium: Relationship between reactants and products at equilibrium.
  • Equilibrium Constants (Kp and Kc): Their calculation and significance.
  • Relationship of Gibbs energy (ΔG, ΔG°) with equilibrium.

Ionic Equilibrium

  • Electrolytes: Weak and strong electrolytes and their ionization.
  • Concepts of acids and bases:
    • Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories
  • pH Scale: Quantifying acidity and basicity.
  • Buffers: Their formation and role in stabilizing pH.
  • Solubility Product: Understanding sparingly soluble salts.

UNIT 7: Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

Redox Reactions

  • Principles of oxidation and reduction.
  • Rules for assigning oxidation numbers and balancing reactions.

Electrolytic and Metallic Conduction

  • Conductance in solutions and metals.
  • Kohlrausch’s Law: Applications in determining ionic conductance.

Electrochemical Cells

  • Differences between electrolytic and galvanic cells.
  • Nernst Equation: Calculation of cell potentials and its implications.
  • Practical applications:
    • Dry cells
    • Lead accumulators
    • Fuel cells

UNIT 8: Chemical Kinetics

Rate of Reaction

  • Factors influencing reaction rates:
    • Concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalysts.

Order and Molecularity

  • Differentiating between reaction order and molecularity.
  • Rate laws, rate constants, and their units.

Reaction Mechanisms

  • Zero and first-order reactions:
    • Characteristics, differential and integral forms.
  • Temperature Effects: Arrhenius theory and activation energy.
  • Collision Theory: Role of molecular collisions in reaction rates.

Inorganic Chemistry

UNIT 9: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

  • Modern Periodic Law: Properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.
  • Periodic Table Structure: Overview of s, p, d, and f block elements.
  • Trends in Properties:
    • Atomic and ionic radii
    • Ionization enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy
    • Valence, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity

UNIT 10: P-Block Elements

  • Groups 13 to 18 Elements:
    • Electronic Configuration: Detailed configuration trends across periods and down groups.
    • Physical and Chemical Properties: General trends in behavior and reactions.
    • Unique Behavior: Distinctive properties of the first elements in each group.

UNIT 11: d- and f-Block Elements

Transition Elements

  • General introduction, occurrence, and characteristics.
  • Trends in Properties of First-Row Transition Elements:
    • Physical properties and ionization enthalpy
    • Oxidation states and atomic radii
    • Color, catalytic behavior, magnetic properties, and complex formation
    • Formation of interstitial compounds and alloys
  • Key Compounds:
    • Preparation, properties, and uses of potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) and potassium permanganate (KMnO₄).

Inner Transition Elements

  • Lanthanoids:
    • Electronic configuration and oxidation states
    • Lanthanoid contraction and its consequences
  • Actinoids:
    • Electronic configuration and oxidation states

UNIT 12: Coordination Compounds

  • Introduction: Importance in biological systems, qualitative analysis, and metallurgy.
  • Werner’s Theory: Structure and bonding in coordination compounds.
  • Ligands: Coordination number, denticity, and chelation.
  • IUPAC Nomenclature: Systematic naming of mononuclear coordination compounds.
  • Bonding Concepts:
    • Valence bond theory
    • Basic ideas of crystal field theory
  • Properties: Color, magnetic behavior, and isomerism in coordination compounds.

Organic Chemistry

UNIT 13: Purification and Characterization of Organic Compounds

  • Purification Methods:
    • Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography.
  • Qualitative Analysis: Detection of elements like nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and halogens.
  • Quantitative Analysis: Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and other elements.
  • Empirical and molecular formula calculations.

UNIT 14: Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry

  • Tetravalency of Carbon: Hybridization and shapes of simple molecules.
  • Classification of Organic Compounds: Based on functional groups containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
  • Homologous Series: Trends and significance.
  • Isomerism: Structural and stereoisomerism.
  • Nomenclature: Trivial and IUPAC.
  • Reaction Mechanisms:
    • Bond fission (homolytic and heterolytic)
    • Inductive, electromeric effects, resonance, and hyperconjugation
    • Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement reactions

UNIT 15: Hydrocarbons

  • Classification, Isomerism, and Nomenclature: Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.
  • Alkanes:
    • Conformations (Sawhorse and Newman projections)
    • Halogenation mechanisms
  • Alkenes:
    • Geometrical isomerism
    • Electrophilic addition and polymerization
  • Alkynes:
    • Acidic character and reactions
  • Aromatic Hydrocarbons:
    • Structure and aromaticity of benzene
    • Electrophilic substitution mechanisms (halogenation, nitration, Friedel-Crafts reactions)

UNIT 16: Organic Compounds Containing Halogens

  • Preparation, Properties, and Reactions
  • Environmental Effects: Impact of compounds like chloroform, iodoform, freons, and DDT.

UNIT 17: Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen

Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

  • Alcohols: Identification and dehydration mechanisms.
  • Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions, and the Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
  • Ethers: Structure and properties.

Aldehydes and Ketones

  • Nature of the carbonyl group, nucleophilic addition reactions, and oxidation/reduction processes.
  • Important reactions: Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, and Haloform reaction.

Carboxylic Acids

  • Acidic strength and factors influencing it.

UNIT 18: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

  • Amines: Classification, basic character, and identification.
  • Diazonium Salts: Applications in synthetic organic chemistry.

UNIT 19: Biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates: Classification and examples (monosaccharides, disaccharides).
  • Proteins: Structure, denaturation, and enzymatic functions.
  • Vitamins: Types and their biological functions.
  • Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA structure and functions.
  • Hormones: General overview.

UNIT 20: Principles Related to Practical Chemistry

  • Detection of Functional Groups: Alcoholic, phenolic, carbonyl, carboxyl, and amino groups.
  • Preparation of Compounds:
    • Inorganic: Mohr’s salt, potash alum.
    • Organic: Acetanilide, iodoform, etc.
  • Titrimetric Exercises: Acid-base reactions, oxalic acid vs. KMnO₄.
  • Qualitative Salt Analysis: Identification of cations and anions.
  • Key Experiments:
    • Enthalpy of solution and neutralization.
    • Preparation of colloids.
    • Kinetic studies of reactions.

Biology

UNIT 1: Diversity in Living World

  • What is Living?
    • Characteristics of life and the concept of biodiversity.
  • Taxonomy and Systematics:
    • Importance of classification, the concept of species, and the taxonomical hierarchy.
    • Binomial nomenclature and its applications.
  • Five Kingdom Classification:
    • Key features and classification of Monera, Protista, and Fungi into major groups.
    • Study of lichens, viruses, and viroids.
  • Classification of Plants:
    • Major groups: Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms.
    • Three to five distinguishing features and examples of each category.
  • Classification of Animals:
    • Non-chordates up to phyla level and chordates up to class level.
    • Key features and examples for each category.

UNIT 2: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

  • Plants:
    • Morphology and modifications of roots, stems, leaves, inflorescence, flowers, fruits, and seeds.
    • Families: Malvaceae, Cruciferae, Leguminosae, Compositae, Gramineae.
  • Animals:
    • Types of tissues and their functions.
    • Brief study of systems in an insect (e.g., frog): digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, and reproductive systems.

UNIT 3: Cell Structure and Function

  • Cell Theory:
    • Cell as the basic unit of life; structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
  • Cellular Components:
    • Membranes, cell wall, and organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, and cytoskeleton.
  • Biomolecules:
    • Structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
  • Cell Division:
    • Mitosis, meiosis, and their significance in life processes.

UNIT 4: Plant Physiology

  • Photosynthesis:
    • Process, pigments, pathways (C3, C4), and factors affecting it.
  • Respiration:
    • Glycolysis, fermentation, TCA cycle, and energy production (ATP).
  • Growth and Development:
    • Phases of growth, differentiation, and growth regulators like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and ABA.

UNIT 5: Human Physiology

  • Respiration:
    • Mechanism of breathing, gas exchange, transport, and disorders like asthma and emphysema.
  • Circulation:
    • Blood composition, coagulation, heart structure, and disorders (e.g., hypertension, angina).
  • Excretion:
    • Human excretory system, osmoregulation, and disorders (e.g., nephritis, renal failure).
  • Locomotion and Movement:
    • Muscle contraction, skeletal system, types of joints, and disorders (e.g., arthritis, osteoporosis).
  • Neural Control:
    • Structure of neurons, nerve impulses, and nervous system organization.
  • Endocrine System:
    • Glands, hormone action, and disorders like diabetes and Addison’s disease.

UNIT 6: Reproduction

  • Plants:
    • Pollination, double fertilization, seed and fruit formation.
  • Humans:
    • Male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, pregnancy, parturition, and lactation.
  • Reproductive Health:
    • Birth control methods, STDs, assisted reproductive technologies like IVF and ZIFT.

UNIT 7: Genetics and Evolution

  • Heredity and Variation:
    • Mendelian inheritance, deviations, polygenic inheritance, and chromosomal theory.
  • Molecular Basis of Inheritance:
    • DNA and RNA structure, replication, transcription, translation, and gene expression.
  • Evolution:
    • Darwin’s theory, natural selection, genetic drift, adaptive radiation, and human evolution.

UNIT 8: Biology and Human Welfare

  • Health and Disease:
    • Pathogens causing diseases like malaria, typhoid, and dengue.
    • Concepts of immunology, vaccines, and cancer.
  • Microbes in Human Welfare:
    • Applications in food processing, sewage treatment, and energy generation.

UNIT 9: Biotechnology and Its Applications

  • Principles of Biotechnology:
    • Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology.
  • Applications:
    • Human insulin production, GM crops, transgenic animals, and biosafety concerns.

UNIT 10: Ecology and Environment

  • Organisms and Environment:
    • Population interactions (mutualism, predation, parasitism).
  • Ecosystem:
    • Energy flow, productivity, and ecological pyramids.
  • Biodiversity and Conservation:
    • Importance, loss of biodiversity, conservation strategies, and hotspots.